INVESTIGATING THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON THE LINK BETWEEN ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55955/230006Keywords:
Ethical Leadership, Meta-analysis, Organizational PerformanceAbstract
In this comprehensive meta-analysis study, we investigate the potential moderating effect of culture on the intricate interplay between ethical leadership and individual-level organizational performance. Our analysis is based on a global collection of studies conducted across diverse regions including Asia, Europe, North America, and other regions. Systematically reviewing the literature, we identified a substantial body of primary studies exploring the relationship between ethical leadership and individual-level organizational performance within the timeframe of 2011 to 2021. These studies span across 28 countries, with select studies encompassing multiple countries, contributing to a total of 86 studies and 127 effect sizes, collectively involving 53,761 individuals. Our findings reveal a significant positive association between ethical leadership and heightened organizational performance. Notably, our analysis indicates that this relationship remains consistent and robust across diverse cultural contexts, as culture does not moderate the observed connection.
References
Abuzaid, A. N. (2018). The relationship between ethical leadership and organizational commitment in banking sector of Jordan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-01-2018-0006
Ahmad, Saima, A. S. S. and J. W. C. (2020). Leading well is not enough: A new insight from the ethical leadership, workplace bullying and employee well-being relationships. European Business Review, 32(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-08-2018-0149
Ahmad, I., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The impact of ethical leadership style on job satisfaction: Mediating role of perception of Green HRM and psychological safety. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2018-0461
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective , continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Aryee, S., Fields, D., & Luk, V. (1999). A cross-cultural test of a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Management, 25(4), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500402
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the Process of Ethical Leadership: The Mediating Role of Employee Voice and Psychological Ownership. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1298-2
Babakus, E. (2003). The Effect of Management Commitment to Service Quality on Employees ’ Affective and Performance Outcomes. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(2), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303253525
Babalola, M. T., Stouten, J., & Euwema, M. (2014). Frequent Change and Turnover Intention: The Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2433-z
Beeri, I., Dayan, R., & Werner, S. B. (2013). Advancing Ethics in Public Organizations : The Impact of an Ethics Program on Employees ’ Perceptions and Behaviors in a Regional Council. Journal of Business Ethics, 112, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1232-7
Benevene, P., Dal Corso, L., De Carlo, A., Falco, A., Carluccio, F., & Vecina, M. L. (2018). Ethical leadership as antecedent of job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay among volunteers of non-profit organizations. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02069
Berkman, P. L. (1971). Life stress and psychological well-being: A replication of Langer ’ s analysis in the midtown Manhattan study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 12, 35–45.
Bhatti, M. H., Akram, U., Bhatti, M. H., & Rasool, H. (2020). Unraveling the E ff ects of Ethical Leadership on Knowledge Sharing : The Mediating Roles of Subjective Well-Being and Social Media in the Hotel Industry. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12, 1–20.
Blau, G. (1994). Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59, 288–312. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1061
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, M. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Bormann, K. C., Poethke, U., Cohrs, C., & Rowold, J. (2018). Doing bad through being selective in doing good: the role of within-unit variability in ethical leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(6), 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1491550
Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: Algumas considerações. [Adaptation and validation of psychological instruments among cultures: Some considerations.]. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(53), 423-432.
Brayfied, Arthur, H., Rothe, & Harold, F. (1951). An Index of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-195402000-00016
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1983). Assessing the Attitudes and Perceptions of Organizational Members. In and practices. In: Seashore SE, Lawler EE III, Mirvis PH, Cammann C (eds) Assessing organizational change: a guide to methods, measures (Ed.), John Wiley & Sons.
Chadee, S. R. D. (2017). Ethical leadership, self-efficacy and job satisfaction in China: the moderating role of guanxi Introduction. Personnel Review, 46(2).
Charoensap, A., Virakul, B., Senasu, K., & Ayman, R. (2019). Effect of Ethical Leadership and Interactional Justice on Employee Work Attitudes. Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(4), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21574
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral-sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale.
Cotton, R. D., Stevenson, W. B., & Bartunek, J. M. (2017). A Way Forward : Cascading Ethical and Change Leadership , Values Enactment , and Group-Level Effects on Commitment in Corruption Recovery. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 89–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886316682591
Danish, R. Q., Hafeez, S., Ali, H. F., Mehta, A. M., Ahmad, M. B., & Ali, M. (2020). Impact of Ethical Leadership on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediating role of Intrinsic Motivation. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(4), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9840
De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader’s social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates’ optimism: A multi-method study. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
DeConinck, J. B. (2014). Outcomes of ethical leadership among salespeople. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.10.011
Dedeoglu, B. B., İnanir, A., & Çelik, S. (2015). Relationship Between Ethical Leadership, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction at Hotel Organizations. Ege Academic Review, 15(1), 53–53. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2015117999
Demirtas, O., & Akdogan, A. A. (2015). The Effect of Ethical Leadership Behavior on Ethical Climate , Turnover Intention , and Affective Commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 130, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2196-6
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S., Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(71–75). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901
Dinc, M. S. (2018). Direct and indirect effect of ethical leadership on employee behaviours in higher education. International Journal of Management in Education, 12(3), 201–222.
Dinc, M. S., & Aydemir, M. (2014). Ethical leadership and employee behaviours: An empirical study of mediating factors. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 9(3), 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2014.064738
Droussiotis, A., & Austin, J. (2007). Job satisfaction of managers in Cyprus. EuroMed Journal of Business, 2(2), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502190710826068
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812
Elçi, M.; Şener, İ.; Aksoy, S. and Alpkan, L. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership and Leadership Effectiveness on Employees’ Tounover Intention: The Mediating Role of Work Related Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1003
Ellinger, A. E., Casey, C., Musgrove, F., Ellinger, A. D., Bachrach, D. G., & Wang, Y. (2013). Influences of organizational investments in social capital on service employee commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 66, 1124–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.03.008
EmadiFar, A. (2009). Evaluate the moral leadership personnel perspective Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and its relation to their empowerment (Master).
Enow, M., Tarkang, M., & Ozturen, A. (2019). Sustainable Ethical Leadership and Employee Outcomes in the Hotel Industry in Cameroon. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082245
Evans, W. R., Allen, R. S., & Clayton, R. W. (2016). Ethical Leadership : Not Everyone Responds Equally. Organization Management Journal, 13(4), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2016.1253453
Farh, J. L., Tsui, A. S., Xin, K., & Cheng, B. S. (1998). The Influence of Relational Demography and Guanxi: The Chinese Case. Organization Science, 9(4), 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.9.4.471
Farooq Anwar, Talat Islam, Saif ur Rehman Khan, U. N. U. (2012). Investigating the mediating role of affective commitment between supervisor ’ s ethical leadership and citizenship behaviors. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(8), 1221–1224. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.19.08.1809
Filho, A. L. A. S., Ferreira, M. C., & Valentini, F. (2019). Validity evidence of the ethical leadership behavior scale (ELBS). Psico-USF, Bragança Paulista, 24(2), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240211
Freire, C., & Bettencourt, C. (2020). Impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction: the mediating effect of work–family conflict. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 41(2), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2019-0338
Fu, J., Long, Y., He, Q., & Liu, Y. (2020). Can Ethical Leadership Improve Employees ’ Well-Being at Work ? Another Side of Ethical Leadership Based on Organizational Citizenship Anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01478
Ghahroodi, H. K., Mohd Ghazali, M. Z. bin T. S., & Ghorban, Z. S. (2013). Examining ethical leadership and its impacts on the followers’ behavioral outcomes. Asian Social Science, 9(3), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n3p91
Güngör, S. K. (2016). The Prediction Power of Servant and Ethical Leadership Behaviours of Administrators on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1180–1188. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040531
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Haller, D. K., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2018). The power of good: A leader’s personal power as a mediator of the ethical leadership-follower outcomes link. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01094
Hansen, S. Duane , Bradley J. Alge, Michael E. Brown, Christine L. Jackson, B. B. D. (2013). Ethical Leadership : Assessing the Value of a Multifoci Social Exchange Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 115, 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1408-1
Hashim, K. L. (2020). Enhancing Innovative Work Behaviour of Malaysian Public Sector Employees. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i2.665
Hassan, S. (2015). The Importance of Ethical Leadership and Personal Control in Promoting Improvement-Centered Voice among Government Employees. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu055
Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to Organizational Change : Extension of a Three-Component Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.474
Hoppock. (1935). Job satisfaction. New York: Harper & Row.
Jacobs, E., & Roodt, G. P. (2008). Organization Culture of Hospital to Predict Tourover Intention of Professional Nurses. Health Sa Gesondheid, 13(1), 63–78.
Jang, Y., & Oh, Y. (2019). Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nursing Ethics, 26(4), 1186–1198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017742959
Jaros, S. J. (1997). An assessment of Meyer and Allen’s (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.1553
Jenkins, J. M. (1993). Self-monitoring and turnover : The impact of personality on intent to leave. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, 14, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140108
John E. Hunter; Frank L. Schmidt. (2004). Methods of Meta-Analysis : Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Sage Bublications Inc. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
John P. Meyer, N. J. A. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resources Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501997_5
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and Job Satisfaction : The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.237
Jungsun (Sunny) Kim, Hak Jun Songb, C.-K. L. (2016). Effects of corporate social responsibility and internal marketing on organizational commitment and turnover intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.007
Kaffashpoor, A., & Sadeghian, S. (2020). The effect of ethical leadership on subjective wellbeing, given the moderator job satisfaction (a case study of private hospitals in Mashhad). BMC Nursing, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00496-w
Kalshoven, K., & Boon, C. (2012). Ethical Leadership , Employee Well-Being , and Helping: The Moderating Role of Human Resource Management. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000056
Kalshoven K, D. H. D. and D. H. A. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Leadership Quart, 22, 51–69.
Karada Ğ, E. (2015). Leadership and organizational outcomes: Meta-analysis of empirical studies. In Leadership and Organizational Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Empirical Studies (pp. 1–273). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0
Karakus, Mehmet, B. A. (2009). Teachers ’ commitment focuses : a three-dimensioned view. Journal of Management Development, 28(5), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910955967
Karakuş, M. (2018). The Moderating Effect of Gender on the Relationships between Age , Ethical Leadership , and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 5(1), 74–84.
Kelloway, E. K., Gottlieb, B. H., & Barham, L. (1999). The source, nature, and direction of work and family conflict: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.4.4.337
Kim, M., & Kim, B. (2020). The Performance Implications of Job Insecurity : The Sequential Mediating E ff ect of Job Stress and Organizational Commitment , and the Bu ff ering Role of Ethical Leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1–16.
Kılıçoğlu, G., & Yılmaz Kılıçoğlu, D. (2019). Understanding organizational hypocrisy in schools: the relationships between organizational legitimacy, ethical leadership, organizational hypocrisy and work-related outcomes. International Journal of Leadership in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1623924
Konovsky, M. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1991). Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.698
Lee, L., Wong, P., Kam, F. and Leung, A. (2011). ‘Entrepreneurial intentions: the influence of organizational and individual factors.’ Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 124–136.
Lee, J. (Jessie), Cho, J., Baek, Y., & Oh, Rajnandini Pillai, S. H. (2019). Does ethical leadership predict follower outcomes above and beyond the full-range leadership model and authentic leadership ?: An organizational commitment perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9596-6
Lee, J., Hyung, S., & Sanghee, O. (2020). Effects of Organizational Embeddedness on Unethical Pro ‑ organizational Behavior : Roles of Perceived Status and Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04661-8
Li, C., Wu, K., Johnson, D. E., & Avey, J. (2015). Going Against the Grain Works : An Attributional Perspective of Perceived Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2698-x
Li, Y., Xu, J., Tu, Y., & Lu, X. (2013). Ethical Leadership and Subordinates ’ Occupational Well-Being: A Multi-level Examination in China. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0321-z
Lindblom, A., Kajalo, S., & Mitronen, L. (2017). Linking retailers’ ethical leadership to frontline employee outcomes: A structural equation model approach. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 14(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2017.085778
Mackey, J. D., Frieder, R. E., Brees, J. R., & Martinko, M. J. (2015). Abusive Supervision : A Meta-Analysis and Empirical Review. Journal of Management, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315573997
Majeed, N., Jamshed, S., & Mohd Mustamil, N. (2018). Striving To Restrain Employee Turnover Intention Through Ethical Leadership And Pro-Social Rule Breaking. International Online Journal of Educational Leadership, 2(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.22452/iojel.vol2no1.4
Masood, Habeeba, D. A. S. (2020). How Ethical Leadership Limits Organizational Deviance , and Promotes Organizational Citizenship Behavior : A Mediatory Role of Affective Commitment Complemented by Ethical Conviction and Reputation for Performance. Https://Ssrn.Com/Abstract=3757448. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3757448
Mehmood, N., Ungku Norulkamar, D., & Sobia Irum, D. (2018). Relationship Between Distributive Justice, Ethical Leadership, and Turnover Intention with the Mediating Effects of Ethical Climate. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.29), 429–435. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13667
Meral elçi, İrge Şener, S. A. K., & Alpkan, L. (2012). The Impact of Ethical Leadership and Leadership Effectiveness on Employees ’ Turnover Intention : The Mediating Role of Work Related Stress The Impact of Ethical Leadership and Leadership Effectiveness on The Mediating Role of Work Related Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1003
Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2004). TCM Employee Commitment Survey Academic Users Guide. In Department of Psychology, niversity of Western Ontario, London and Ontario.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to Organizations and Occupations: Extension and Test of a Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
Mitchell J. Neubert, Cindy Wu, Roberts, J. A. (2013). The Influence of Ethical Leadership and Regulatory Focus on Employee Outcomes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 269–296. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201323217
Mitonga-Monga, J. (2020). Social exchange influences on ethical leadership and employee commitment in a developing country setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 30(6), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2020.1842587
Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.493
Mohammed S. Alkathiri et al. (2019). Ethical Leadership as a Predictor for Employee’s Performance: The Mediating Role of Affective Organiztional Commitment. Journal of Enginerring and Applied Sciences, 14(21), 7857–7869.
Moon, K. K., & Jung, C. (2018). Management Representativeness, Ethical Leadership, and Employee Job Satisfaction in the U.S. Federal Government. Public Personnel Management, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026018767480
Mostafa, A. M. S., Farley, S., & Zaharie, M. (2020). Examining the Boundaries of Ethical Leadership: The Harmful Effect of Co-worker Social Undermining on Disengagement and Employee Attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04586-2
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 14, 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90072-1.
Mozumder, N. A. (2016). A Multilevel Trust-based Model of Ethical Public Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3341-1
Muhammad Asif, Qing Miao, Arif Jameel, Faiza Manzoor, A. H. (2020). How ethical leadership influence employee creativity : A parallel multiple mediation model. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00819-9
Muhammad Rizwan, Chaudhary Zeeshan, S. M. (2017). The Impact of Perceived Ethical Leadership and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction with the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Private Educational Sector of Islamabad , Pakistan. Journal of Intercultural Management, 9(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/joim-2017-0004
Muhannad Akram Ahmad, S. O. A.-S. (2019). The effect of ethical leadership on management accountants ’ performance : The mediating role of psychological well-being. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(2), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(2).2019.17
Natalie J. Allen, J. P. M. (1996). Affective , Continuance , and Normative Commitment to the Organization : An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043
Negis Isik, A. (2020). Ethical leadership and school effectiveness: The mediating roles of affective commitment and job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 8(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijelm.2020.4114
Nejati, M., Brown, M. E., Shafaei, A., & Seet, P. S. (2020). Employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility and ethical leadership: are they uniquely related to turnover intention? Social Responsibility Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-08-2019-0276
Neuberger, O., & Allerbeck, M. (1978). Messung und Analyse von Arbeitszufriedenheit. In Bern: Hube.
Neves, P., Almeida, P., & João, M. (2017). Reducing Intentions to Resist Future Change : Combined Effects of Commitment-Based HR Practices and Ethical Leadership. Human Resource Management, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21830
Neves, P., & Story, J. (2013). Ethical Leadership and Reputation : Combined Indirect Effects on Organizational Deviance. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1997-3
O’Keefe, D. F., Peach, J. M., & Messervey, D. L. (2019). The Combined Effect of Ethical Leadership, Moral Identity, and Organizational Identification on Workplace Behavior. Journal of Leadership Studies, 13(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21638
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and Organizational Culture: a Profile Comparison Approach To Assessing Person-Organization Fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487–516. https://doi.org/10.2307/256404
Oreg, S. (2006). Personality , context , and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500451247
Osman M. Karatepe, O. U. (2008). Affectivity , conflicts in the work – family interface , and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.001
Owais, Muhammad, D. A. S. (2021). Effect of Spirituality , Demographics , and Culture on Career Satisfaction , Organizational Fairness Climate , and Affective Commitment in Pakistani Organization : The Mediatory Role of Ethical Leadership. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 11(1), 266–305. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i1.18305
Özden, D., Arslan, G. G., Ertuğrul, B., & Karakaya, S. (2019). The effect of nurses’ ethical leadership and ethical climate perceptions on job satisfaction. Nursing Ethics, 26(4), 1211–1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017736924
Palanski, M., Avey, J. B., & Jiraporn, N. (2014). The Effects of Ethical Leadership and Abusive Supervision on Job Search Behaviors in the Turnover Process. Journal of Business Ethics, 121, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1690-6
Peikai Li, Sun, J., Taris, T. W., Xing, L., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2020). Country differences in the relationship between leadership and employee engagement : A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101458
Pelletier, K. L., & Bligh, M. C. (2006). Rebounding from corruption: Perceptions of ethics program effectiveness in a public sector organization. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(4), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9027-3
Philipp, B. L. U., & Lopez, P. D. J. (2013). The Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership: Investigating Relationships Among Employee Psychological Contracts, Commitment, and Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813483837
Potipiroon, W., & Ford, M. T. (2017). Does Public Service Motivation Always Lead to Organizational Commitment ? Examining the Moderating Roles of Intrinsic Motivation and Ethical Leadership. Public Personnel Management, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026017717241
Qi Yang, H. W. (2018). The impact of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior The moderating role of workplace ostracism. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2016-0313
Qin, Q., Wen, B., Ling, Q., Zhou, S., Tong, M., Qin, Q., Wen, B., Ling, Q., Zhou, S., Tong, M., Management, C. H., Wang, C., Cheng, J., Chang, S., Kuo, J., Cheung, Y., Systems, D., & Xu, Y. (2014). How and when the effect of ethical leadership occurs? A multilevel analysis in the Chinese hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(6), 974–1001. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0073
Qing, M., Asif, M., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2019). Exploring the impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in public sector organizations: the mediating role of psychological empowerment. Review of Managerial Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00340-9
Quade, M. J., Perry, S. J., & Hunter, E. M. (2017). Boundary Conditions of Ethical Leadership: Exploring Supervisor-Induced and Job Hindrance Stress as Potential Inhibitors. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3771-4
Raymond Loi, Long W. Lam, Hang Yue Ngo, S. C. (2015). “Exchange mechanisms between ethical leadership and affective commitment.” Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(6), 645–658.
Robert P Tett, J. P. M. (1993). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta-analytical Findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x
Rosin, H. M., & Korabik, K. (1991). Workplace variables , affective responses , and intention to leave among women managers. Journal OfOccupationa1 Psychology, 64, 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1991.tb00563.x
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything , or Is It ? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.57.6.1069
Sarwar, H., Ishaq, M. I., Amin, A., & Ahmed, R. (2020). Ethical leadership , work engagement , employees ’ well-being , and performance : a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1788039
Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Camman, C. (1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York: Wiley.
Sepector, P. E. (1986). Assessing employee job satisfaction with the job satisfaction survey. Mental Retardation Systems, 3, 5–13.
Shafique, I., N. Kalyar, M., & Ahmad, B. (2018). The Nexus of Ethical Leadership, Job Performance, and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 16(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.16.1.5
Shankar Ganesan, B. A. W. (1996). The Impact of Staffing Policies on Retail Buyer Job Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 72(1), 31–56. https://doi.org/Ganesan, S., & Weitz, B. A. (1996). The impact of staffing policies on retail buyer job attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 72(1), 31–56. doi:10.1016/s0022-4359(96)90004-4
Sharif, M. M., & Scandura, T. A. (2013). Do Perceptions of Ethical Conduct Matter During Organizational Change ? Ethical Leadership and Employee Involvement. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1869-x
Silva, A. P. C., & Ferreira, M. C. (2009). Escala de Satisfação Geral no Trabalho. Anais Do IV Congresso Brasileiro de Avaliação Psicológica, Campinas.
Smith, P., Kendall, L., and Hulin, C. (1969). The Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement: A Strategy for the Study of Attitudes. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. In American journal of community psychology (Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp. 693–713).
Suurmond, R., van Rhee, H., & Hak, T. (2017). Introduction, comparison, and validation of Meta-Essentials: A free and simple tool for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 8(4), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1260
T. S. Ragu-Nathan, Monideepa Tarafdar, Bhanu S. Ragu-Nathan, Q. T. (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations : Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations : Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165
Tafolli, F., & Grabner-Kräuter, S. (2020). Employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility and organizational corruption: empirical evidence from Kosovo. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 20(7), 1349–1370. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-07-2020-0274
Tiamboonprasert, W., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). Effect of Ethical Leadership on Workplace Cyberbullying Exposure and Organizational Commitment. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 15(3), 85–100.
Tsui, A. S., Egan, T., & O’Reilly, C. (1992). Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4), 549–579. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1991.4976867
Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship : Does Investment in EMPLOYEE-ORGANIZATION RELATIONSHIP : DOES INVESTMENT IN EMPLOYEES PAY OFF ? Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089–1121. https://doi.org/10.2307/256928
Tu, Y., Lu, X., & Yu, Y. (2016). Supervisors’ Ethical Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9725-1
Turhan, M. (2007). The effect of ethical leadership behaviors of high school and vocational high school principals on social justice in schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Social Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
Valentine, S., & Fleischman, G. (2008). Ethics programs, perceived corporate social responsibility and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9306-z
Vihari, N. S., & Rao, M. K. (2018). Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Human Resource Management: Empirical Evidence from India. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2278682117754015
Walumbwa, F. O., & Bruce Avolio and Weichun Zhu. (2008). How Transformational Leadership Weaves Its Influence on Individual Job Performance: The Role of Identification and Efficacy Beliefs. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 793–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00131.x
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., & Christensen, A. L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance : The roles of leader – member exchange , self-efficacy , and organizational identification. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.11.002
Wang, W. Y. C., Pauleen, D. J., & Zhang, T. (2016). How social media applications affect B2B communication and improve business performance in SMEs. Industrial Marketing Management, 54, 4–14.
Wang, Z., & Xu, H. (2017). When and for Whom Ethical Leadership is More Effective in Eliciting Work Meaningfulness and Positive Attitudes: The Moderating Roles of Core Self-Evaluation and Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3563-x
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall Job Satisfaction : How Good Are Single-Item Measures ? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247
Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
Warr, P. (1992). Age and Occupational Weil-Being. Psychology and Aging, 7(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.37
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R., England, G., & Lofquist, L. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center, Minneapolis.
Xenikou, A. (2019). Leadership and organizational culture. Handbook of Research Methods for Organizational Culture, 212–233. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203013199
Yang, C. (2014). Does Ethical Leadership Lead to Happy Workers? A Study on the Impact of Ethical Leadership, Subjective Well-Being, and Life Happiness in the Chinese Culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(3), 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1852-6
Yang, Y. F., & Islam, M. (2012). The influence of transformational leadership on job satisfaction: The balanced scorecard perspective. Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change, 8(3), 386–402. https://doi.org/10.1108/18325911211258353
Yau-De Wang, C. Y. (2015). How Appealing are Monetary Rewards in the Workplace ? A Study of Ethical Leadership ,Love of Money, Happiness, and Turnover Intention. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1160-x
Yousaf, K., Abid, G., & Butt, T. H. (2019). Impact of Ethical Leadership and Thriving at Work on Psychological Well-beign of Employees : Mediating Role of Voice Behaviour. Business, Management and Education, 17(2), 194–217.
Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Hassan, S., & Prussia, G. E. (2013). An improved measure of ethical leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811429352
Zahra Lotfi, Foroozan Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, Jamileh Mohtashami, M. N. (2018). Relationship between ethical leadership and organisational commitment of nurses with perception of patient safety culture. Journal for Nurseing Management, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12607
Zappalà, Salvatore, F. T. (2020). The Ethical Leadership Scale ( ELS ): Italian adaptation and exploration of the nomological network in a health care setting. Journal of Nursing Managements Manag, January, 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12967
Zhang, L., & Jiang, H. (2020). Exploring the process of ethical leadership on organisational commitment : The mediating role of career calling. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 30(3), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2020.1767924
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. H. I. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations : Theoretical model , scale development , and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
Zhou, H., Sheng, X., He, Y., & Qian, X. (2020). Ethical leadership as the reliever of frontline service employees’ emotional exhaustion: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030976
Zhu, W., He, H., Treviño, L. K., Chao, M. M., & Wang, W. (2015). Ethical leadership and follower voice and performance : The role of follower identi fi cations and entity morality beliefs. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.004
Zuhaira, M., Ye-zhuang, T., & Abdulelah, K. (2018). Corporate commitment , identification , ethical leadership and social responsibility. Human Systems Management, 37, 345–352. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-17151
Zulhelmi, B. M. and A. (2019). The Impact of Innovative Behavior , Commitment , Organizational Culture , and Ethical Leadership on Performance. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 64(2015), 846–855.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Lt Bhupinder
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.